Project Management Terminology – T

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge, Products



TARGET COMPLETION DATE?? A date which contractors strive toward for completion of the activity.

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TARGET DATE?? Date imposed on an activity or project by the user. There are two types of target dates, target start dates, and target finish dates.

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TARGET FINISH DATE?? The date planned to finish work on an activity.

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TARGET FINISH-ACTIVITY?? Target Finish is the user’s imposed finish date for an activity. A Target Finish date is used if there are predefined commitment dates.

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TARGET FINISH-PROJECT?? A user’s Target Finish date can be imposed on a project as a whole. A Target Finish date is used if there is a pre-defined completion date.

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TARGET START – ACTIVITY?? Target Start is an imposed starting date on an activity.

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TARGET START DATE?? The date planned to start work on an activity.

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TASK?? The smallest indivisible part of an activity when it is broken down to a level best understood and performed by a specific person or organization.

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TEAM BUILDING?? The ability to gather the right people to join a project team and get them working together for the benefit of a project.

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TEAM DEVELOPMENT ??Developing skills, as a group and individually, that enhance project performance.

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TEAM LEADER?? Person responsible for leading a team.

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TECHNICAL ASSURANCE?? The monitoring of the technical integrity of products.

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TECHNICAL GUIDE?? A document that guides managers, team leaders and technical assurance co-coordinators on planning the production of products.

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TECHNICAL PRODUCTS?? Products produced by a project for an end user.

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TENDER?? A document proposing to meet a specification in a certain way and at a stated price (or on a particular financial basis), an offer of price and conditions under which the tenderer is willing to undertake work for the client.

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TERMINATION ??Completion of the project, either upon formal acceptance of its deliverables by the client and/or the disposal of such deliverables at the end of their life.

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TERMS OF REFERENCE?? A specification of a team member’s responsibilities and authorities within the project.

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TIED ACTIVITIES?? Activities that have to be performed sequentially or within a predetermined time of each other.

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TIME ANALYSIS?? The process of calculating the early and late dates for each activity on a project, based on the duration of the activities and the logical relations between them.

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TIME BASED NETWORK?? A linked bar chart, a bar chart that shows the logical and time relationships between activities.

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TIME LIMITED SCHEDULING?? Scheduling of activities, so that the specified project duration, or any imposed dates are not exceeded.

Note: This may cause the envisaged resource levels to be exceeded.

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TIME NOW?? Specified date from which the forward analysis is deemed to commence.

(The date to which current progress is reported. Sometimes referred to as the status date because all progress information entered for a project should be correct as of this date.)

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TIME RECORDING?? The recording of effort expended on each activity in order to update a project plan.

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TIME SHEET?? A means of recording the actual effort expended against project and non-project activities.

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TIME-LIMITED RESOURCE SCHEDULING?? The production of scheduled dates in which resource constraints may be relaxed in order to avoid any delay in project completion.

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TIME-SCALED NETWORK DIAGRAM?? A project network diagram drawn so that the positioning of the activity represents schedule.

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TOP DOWN COST ESTIMATING?? The total project cost is estimated based on historical costs and other project variables and then subdivided down to individual activities.

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TOTAL FLOAT?? Time by which an activity may be delayed or extended without affecting the total project duration (or violating a target finish date.)

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TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)?? A strategic, integrated management systems for customer satisfaction that guides all employees in every aspect of their work.

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TRANSIT TIME?? Dependency link that requires time and no other resources. It may be a negative time.

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TURNAROUND REPORT?? A report created especially for the various responsible managers to enter their progress status against a list of activities that are scheduled to be in progress during a particular time window.

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Project Management Terminology – U

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



UNLIMITED SCHEDULE?? Infinite schedule, schedule produced without resource constraint.

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USERS?? The group of people who are intended to benefit from the project

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Project Management Terminology – V

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



VALUE?? A standard, principle or quality considered worthwhile or desirable.

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VALUE ENGINEERING?? A technique for analyzing qualitative and quantitative costs and benefits of component parts of a proposed system.

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VALUE MANAGEMENT?? A structured means of improving business effectiveness that includes the use of management techniques such as value engineering and value analysis.

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VALUE PLANNING?? A technique for assessing, before significant investment is made, the desirability of a proposal based on the value that will accrue to the organization from that proposal.

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VARIANCE?? A discrepancy between the actual and planned performance on a project, either in terms of schedule or cost.

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VARIANCE AT COMPLETION?? The difference between Budget at Complete and Estimate at Complete.

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VARIATION?? A change in scope or timing of work which a supplier is obliged to do under a contract.

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VARIATION ORDER?? The document authorizing an approved technical change or variation.

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Project Management Terminology – W

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge, Products



WHAT-IF ANALYSIS?? The process of evaluating alternative strategies.

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WHAT-IF SIMULATION?? Changing the value of the parameters of the project network to study its behaviour under various conditions of its operation.

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WORK?? The total number of hours, people or effort required to complete a task.

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WORK BREAKDOWN CODE?? A code that represents the ‘family tree’ of an element in work breakdown structure.

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WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE?? Way in which a project may be divided by level into discrete groups for programming, cost planning and control purposes.

Note: see also ‘work package’.

(The WBS is a tool for defining the hierarchical breakdown of work required to deliver the products of a project.

Major categories are broken down into smaller components.

These are sub-divided until the lowest required level of detail is established.

The lowest units of the WBS become the activities in a project.

The WBS defines the total work to be undertaken on the project and provides a structure for all project control systems.)

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WORK LOAD?? Work load is the amount of work units assigned to a resource over a period of time.

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WORK PACKAGE?? A group of related tasks that are defined at the same level within a work breakdown structure.(In traditional cost/schedule systems, the criteria for defining work packages is as follows:

1) Each work package is clearly distinguishable from all other work packages in the programme.

2) Each work package has a scheduled start and finish date.

3) Each work package has an assigned budget that is time-phased over the duration of the work package.

4) Each work package either has relatively short duration, or can be divided into a series of milestones whose status can be objectively measured.

5) Each work package has schedule that is integrated with higher-level schedules.

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WORK UNITS?? Work units provide the measurement units for resources.For example, people as a resource can be measured by the number of hours they work.

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Project Management Terminology – X

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



XML

A subset of SGML that is optimized for delivery over the Web, XML provides a uniform method for describing and exchanging structured data that is independent of applications or vendors.

The key is that with XML, the information is in the document, while the rendering instructions are elsewhere. In other words, content and presentation are separate. XML is the Web’s language for data interchange and HTML is the Web’s language for rendering.

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Project Management Terminology – Y

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



YTD (YEAR-TO-DATE)

The period between the beginning of the calendar year and the present date. It is often used to calculate a company’s income up to the present date and may be compared to the same period of the previous year to evaluate a company’s financial health.

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Project Management Terminology – Z

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



ZERO FLOAT??

Zero float is a condition where there is no excess time between activities.

An activity with zero float is considered a critical activity.

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Database Interview Questions – 1

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



Q: What are the various types of Exceptions?
A: User defined and Predefined Exceptions.


Q: Can we define exceptions twice in same block?
A: No.

Q: What is the difference between a procedure and a function?
A: Functions return a single variable by value whereas procedures do not return any variable by value. Rather they return multiple variables by passing variables by reference through their OUT parameter.

Q: Can you have two functions with the same name in a PL/SQL block?
Yes.

Q: Can you have two stored functions with the same name?
Yes.

Q: Can you call a stored function in the constraint of a table?
No.

Q: What are the various types of parameter modes in a procedure?
A: IN, OUT AND INOUT.

Q: What is Over Loading and what are its restrictions?
A: OverLoading means an object performing different functions depending upon the no. of parameters or the data type of the parameters passed to it.

Q: Can functions be overloaded?
A: Yes.

Q: Can 2 functions have same name & input parameters but differ only by return datatype?
A: No.

Q: What are the constructs of a procedure, function or a package?
A: The constructs of a procedure, function or a package are:

????????? variables and constants

????????? cursors

????????? exceptions

Q: Why Create or Replace and not Drop and recreate procedures?
A: So that Grants are not dropped.

Q: Can you pass parameters in packages? How?
A: Yes. You can pass parameters to procedures or functions in a package.

Q: What are the parts of a database trigger?
A: The parts of a trigger are:

????????? A triggering event or statement

????????? A trigger restriction

????????? A trigger action

Q: What are the various types of database triggers?
A: There are 12 types of triggers, they are combination of:

????????? Insert, Delete and Update Triggers.

????????? Before and After Triggers.

????????? Row and Statement Triggers.


(3*2*2=12)

Q: What is the advantage of a stored procedure over a database trigger?
A: We have control over the firing of a stored procedure but we have no control over the firing of a trigger.

Q: What is the maximum no. of statements that can be specified in a trigger statement?
A: One.

Q: Can views be specified in a trigger statement?
A: No

Q: What are the values of :new and :o ld in Insert/Delete/Update Triggers?
A: ????? INSERT : new = new value, old = NULL

DELETE : new = NULL, old = old value

UPDATE : new = new value, old = old value

Q: What are cascading triggers? What is the maximum no of cascading triggers at a time?
A: When a statement in a trigger body causes another trigger to be fired, the triggers are said to be cascading. Max = 32.

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Database Interview Questions – 2

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



Q: What are mutating triggers?
A: A trigger giving a SELECT on the table on which the trigger is written.

Q: What are constraining triggers?
A: A trigger giving an Insert / Update on a table having referential integrity constraint on the triggering table.

Q: Describe Oracle database’s physical and logical structure?
A: Physical : Data files, Redo Log files, Control file.
???? Logical : Tables, Views, Tablespaces, etc.

Q: Can you increase the size of a tablespace? How?
A: Yes, by adding datafiles to it.

Q: Can you increase the size of datafiles? How?
A: Yes (by using the Resize clause).

Q: What is the use of Control files?
A: Contains pointers to locations of various data files, redo log files, etc.

Q: What is the use of Data Dictionary?
A: Used by Oracle to store information about various physical and logical Oracle structures e.g. Tables, Tablespaces, datafiles, etc

Q: What are the advantages of clusters?
A: Access time reduced for joins.

Q: What are the disadvantages of clusters?
A: The time for Insert increases.

Q: Can Long/Long RAW be clustered?
A: No.

Q: Can null keys be entered in cluster index, normal index?
A: Yes.

Q: Can Check constraint be used for self referential integrity? How?
A: Yes. In the CHECK condition for a column of a table, we can reference some other column of the same table and thus enforce self referential integrity.

Q: What are the min. extents allocated to a rollback extent?
A: Two

Q: What are the states of a rollback segment? What is the difference between partly available and needs recovery?
A: The various states of a rollback segment are :

????????? ONLINE,

????????? OFFLINE,

????????? PARTLY AVAILABLE,

????????? NEEDS RECOVERY and

????????? INVALID.


Q: What is the difference between unique key and primary key?
A: Unique key can be null; Primary key cannot be null.


Q: An insert statement followed by a create table statement followed by rollback ? Will the rows be inserted?
A: No.


Q: Can you define multiple savepoints?
A: Yes.


Q: Can you Rollback to any savepoint?
A: Yes.


Q: What is the maximum no. of columns a table can have?
A: 254.


Q: What is the significance of the & and && operators in PL SQL?
A: The & operator means that the PL SQL block requires user input for a variable.

??? The && operator means that the value of this variable should be the same as inputted by the user previously for this same variable.
???

Q: If a transaction is very large, and the rollback segment is not able to hold the rollback information, then will the transaction span across different rollback segments or will it terminate?
A: It will terminate (Please check ).

Q:Can you pass a parameter to a cursor?
A: Explicit cursors can take parameters, as the example below shows. A cursor parameter can appear in a query wherever a constant can appear.
???? CURSOR c1 (median IN NUMBER) IS
???? SELECT job, ename FROM emp WHERE sal > median;


Q: What are the various types of RollBack Segments?
A: ????? Public Available to all instances

Private Available to specific instance


Q: Can you use %RowCount as a parameter to a cursor?
A: Yes

Q: Is the query below allowed :
??? Select sal, ename Into x From emp Where ename = ‘KING’
??? (Where x is a record of Number(4) and Char(15))
A: Yes


Q: Is the assignment given below allowed :
???? ABC = PQR (Where ABC and PQR are records)
A: Yes


Q: Is this for loop allowed :
???? For x in &Start..&End Loop
A: Yes


Q: How many rows will the following SQL return :
????? Select * from emp Where rownum < 10;
A: 9 rows


Q: How many rows will the following SQL return:
???? Select * from emp Where rownum = 10;
A: No rows


Q: Which symbol preceeds the path to the table in the remote database?
A: @

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Database Interview Questions – 3

July 3rd, 2010 by User | No Comments | Filed in Jobs, knowledge



Q: Are views automatically updated when base tables are updated?
A: Yes

Q: Can a trigger written for a view?
A: No

Q: If all the values from a cursor have been fetched and another fetch is issued, the output will be : error, last record or first record ?
A: Last Record

Q: A table has the following data : 5, Null, 10]. What will the average function return ?
A: 7.5

Q: Is Sysdate a system variable or a system function?
A: System Function

Q: Consider a sequence whose currval is 1 and gets incremented by 1 by using the nextval reference we get the next number 2. Suppose at this point we issue an rollback and again issue a nextval. What will the output be ?
A: 3

Q: Definition of relational DataBase by Dr. Codd (IBM)?
A: A Relational Database is a database where all data visible to the user is organized strictly as tables of data values and where all database operations work on these tables.

Q: What is Multi Threaded Server (MTA) ?
A: In a Single Threaded Architecture (or a dedicated server configuration) the database manager creates a separate process for each database user. But in MTA the database manager can assign multiple users (multiple user processes) to a single dispatcher (server process), a controlling process that queues request for work thus reducing the databases memory requirement and resources.

Q: Which are initial RDBMS, Hierarchical & N/w database ?
A: RDBMS – R system
Hierarchical – IMS
N/W – DBTG

Q: What is Functional Dependency?
A: Given a relation R, attribute Y of R is functionally dependent on attribute X of R if and only if each X-value has associated with it precisely one -Y value in R

Q: What is Auditing ?
A: The database has the ability to audit all actions that take place within it.

a) Login attempts,

b) Object Accesss,

c) Database Action

Q: Result of Greatest(1,NULL) or Least(1,NULL)
A: NULL

Q: While designing in client/server what are the 2 imp. things to be considered ?
A: Network Overhead (traffic), Speed and Load of client server

Q: What are the disadvantages of SQL ?
A: Disadvantages of SQL are :

? Cannot drop a field

? Cannot rename a field

? Cannot manage memory

? Procedural Language option not provided

? Index on view or index on index not provided

? View updation problem

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Q: When to create indexes?
A: To be created when table is queried for less than 2% or 4% to 25% of the table rows.

Q: How can you avoid indexes?
A: To make index access path unavailable

? Use FULL hint to optimizer for full table scan

? Use INDEX or AND-EQUAL hint to optimizer to use one index or set to indexes instead of another.

? Use an expression in the Where Clause of the SQL.

Q: What is the result of the following SQL:
Select 1 from dual
UNION
Select ‘A’ from dual;
A: Error

Q: Can database trigger written on synonym of a table and if it can be then what would be the effect if original table is accessed.
A: Yes, database trigger would fire.

Q: Can you alter synonym of view or view ?
A: No

Q: Can you create index on view
A: No.

Q: What is the difference between a view and a synonym ?
A: Synonym is just a second name of table used for multiple link of database. View can be created with many tables, and with virtual columns and with conditions. But synonym can be on view.

Q: What is the difference between alias and synonym ?
A: Alias is temporary and used with one query. Synonym is permanent and not used as alias.

Q: What is the effect of synonym and table name used in same Select statement ?
A: Valid

Q: What’s the length of SQL integer?
A: 32 bit length

Q: What is the difference between foreign key and reference key?
A: ?????????? Foreign key is the key i.e. attribute which refers to another table primary key.

Reference key is the primary key of table referred by another table.

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